Why is Counterion release important?

Counterion release also plays an important role in the adsorption of flexible polyelectrolytes on flat surfaces37 or the formation of complexes of such polyelectrolytes with other rigid macroions;38,39 these scenarios have been reviewed comprehensively, too.

What does the solubility of a salt depends on?

The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the solvent used, as well as temperature and pressure. The solubility of a substance in a particular solvent is measured by the concentration of the saturated solution.

What Counterion means?

Definition of counterion : an ion having a charge opposite to that of the substance with which it is associated.

How do you find Counterion?

One common way for elements to be bound together is to form a salt. Salts are found very frequently in the earth’s crust. A salt contains both anions and cations. Cations are not generally found alone.

What is a counterion in chemistry?

A counterion (pronounced as two words, i.e. “counter” “ion”, and sometimes written as two words) is the ion that accompanies an ionic species in order to maintain electric neutrality.

What is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt?

If we heat the solvent, the average kinetic energies of its molecules increases. Hence, the solvent is able to dislodge more particles from the surface of the solute. Thus, increasing the temperature increases the solubilities of substances. For example, sugar and salt are more soluble in water at higher temperatures.

What concept explains why the solubility of an insoluble salt can change as a result of changes in ion concentration?

CASE II: Increase in solubility with temperature: The use of first-aid instant cold packs is an application of this solubility principle. A salt such as ammonium nitrate is dissolved in water after a sharp blow breaks the containers for each. The dissolving reaction is endothermic – requires heat.

Do Counterions neutralize pH?

The counterions (acetate) worked as a pH buffer and also as a component of the precursor complexes to the Co3O4 particles.

What is the effect of particle size on solubility?

The disjoining pressure of small particles is greater than that of large particles, so small particles have a higher interfacial solubility. Due to their higher differential concentration, thinner diffusion layer,27 and increased surface area, small particles dissolve faster (Figure 8A).

Why does increasing temperature decrease gas solubility?

The solubility of gases in liquids decreases with increasing temperature. Conversely, adding heat to the solution provides thermal energy that overcomes the attractive forces between the gas and the solvent molecules, thereby decreasing the solubility of the gas; pushes the reaction in Equation 4 to the left.

What is the main factor that affects the solubility of a salt?

There are two direct factors that affect solubility: temperature and pressure. Temperature affects the solubility of both solids and gases, but pressure only affects the solubility of gases.

How do you choose a counter ion for a salt?

The counter ion for a salt should have a p Ka that differs from the drug by 2-3. For human studies, FDA-approved counter ions should be used. If not, enough toxicological data to support selection of the counter ion need to be provided. About 70\% of the counter ions used in commercial drugs are anions and 30\% are cations.

How do counter-ions affect the crystallization of CPS?

In a general way, counter-ions can affect the crystallization of CPs, leading to different coordination structures.

What is the effect of counterion activity on thermodynamics?

Thus counterion activity coefficients are very low and there is a profound effect on other thermodynamic quantities. Studies of counterion self-diffusion, by electric conductivity 27 or nuclear magnetic resonance 28, 29 can provide an insight into the degree of interaction between a polyion and its counterions.

What are counter-ions and how do they affect coordination structures?

Counter-ions usually are the anions not involved in the coordination. In a general way, counter-ions can affect the crystallization of CPs, leading to different coordination structures.