How does abuse affect development?

For example, abuse or neglect may stunt physical development of the child’s brain and lead to psychological problems, such as low self- esteem, which could later lead to high-risk behaviors, such as substance use.

What happens to the brain after abuse?

According to the New York University Medical Center, chronic stress resulting from emotional abuse or any other kind of trauma releases cortisol, a stress hormone which can damage and affect the growth of the hippocampus, the main area of the brain associated with learning and memory.

How does neglect affect memory?

Neglect is sometimes considered less severe than other forms of maltreatment. In particular, neglect has been shown to harm the frontal cortex, the area of the brain responsible for planning, decision making, and memory (Perry, 2002; DeBellis, 2005). Extreme neglect can actually make children’s brains smaller.

What are the negative consequences of past abuse and neglect?

The negative consequences associated with past histories of abuse and neglect are often interrelated, as one adverse outcome may lead to another (e.g., substance abuse problems or engaging in risky sexual behaviour may lead to physical health problems).

What is the relationship between childhood abuse and adult depression?

In a prospective longitudinal study in the United States, Widom, DuMont, and Czaja (2007) found that children who were physically abused or experienced multiple types of abuse were at increased risk of lifetime major depressive disorder in early adulthood.

How does an abusive family affect a child?

Kwong and colleagues (2003) determined that growing up in abusive family environments can teach children that the use of violence and aggression is a viable means for dealing with interpersonal conflict, which can increase the likelihood that the cycle of violence will continue when they reach adulthood.

What is the relationship between childhood violence and adult violence?

Women who experience childhood violence or who have witnessed parental violence could be at risk of being victimised as adults as they are more likely to have low self-esteem and they may have learnt that violent behaviour is a normal response to dealing with conflict (Mouzos & Makkai, 2004).